I know Pomona makes in-circuit test clips, I have a SOIC8 for serial EEPROMS. Whether or not the chip can be powered in-circuit to read/write depends on the chip and the circuit. I would expect in some cases that a trace might have to be cut or otherwise lifted.

I know I have dealt with some one off oddball memories in 80s cars, Matsushita (Panasonic) masked ROMs in asian stuff particularly, that follow most of a standardized pinout but then require an odd pin to be high or low in order to read.